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Although T is essential to maintain good spermatogenesis, a study performed in genetically modified mice displaying a strong FSH stimulation, together with a minimal T production, showed near-normal spermatogenesis (11). Both pituitary gonadotrophins LH and FSH, together with a high LH-stimulated intratesticular T concentration, are considered crucial for spermatogenesis and are required for quantitatively normal sperm production (6). Secondary hypogonadism, also named hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, is characterized by low T concentrations in serum, reduced spermatogenesis, and inappropriately low concentrations of gonadotrophins (LH and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)) (4).
Some common medications can reduce sperm concentration and quality. Even cutting back to occasional drinking can improve your semen parameters within a few months. Excessive alcohol consumption lowers testosterone, increases estrogen conversion, and damages testicular cells. If you are trying to conceive or planning to donate sperm, eliminating all tobacco and cannabis use is one of the most impactful steps you can take. Making sleep a priority is one of the simplest ways to support your fertility. Combining a healthy diet with regular exercise is the most effective approach. If you are trying to conceive or considering donating sperm, consider switching to another form of exercise temporarily.
Vitamin C is one of the most important antioxidants for sperm health. Several vitamins and minerals have strong clinical evidence supporting their ability to increase sperm count. Cigarette smoke decreases seminal antioxidant levels by approximately 30%, increases oxidative stress, and leads to sperm DNA damage. Smoking significantly reduces sperm count, motility, and morphology. Research shows that poor sleep reduces sperm count by up to 29%. To reduce stress and help increase sperm count, consider regular exercise, meditation, deep breathing techniques, and ensuring you get 7 to 8 hours of quality sleep per night.
Complete semen analysis for all individuals was performed according to World Health Organization (2010) classification (16). All female partners conceived within 3 months before the start of the study. In addition, five normogonadic normozoospermic fertile men, whose partners were pregnant when the study started, were enrolled as a control group. Primary hypogonadal patients were excluded because of their high LH levels, which can represent a confounding factor, since it may maintain minimal intratesticular T levels, although blood T levels are reduced. Therefore, proteomics might represent a novel platform for clinical research to investigate the in vivo effect of hormones on the protein expression of cells, tissues, and biological fluids. This powerful tool is currently widely used to elucidate complex biological processes, including fertility and infertility (13, 14). With the advances obtained using high-throughput techniques, such as proteomics, we may now target the role of T in spermatogenesis.
Western Blot analysis for the PIP and AKAP3 proteins obtained from sperm samples of patients with secondary hypogonadism (HYPO) and controls (CTL) (A). Semen tests analyze sperm count, shape, and how well they move to test for infertility related to sperm production and assess the quality of your sperm. Replacing testosterone with appropriate therapy could significantly enhance a male’s fertility as his sperm production rebounds.